Spain / Spain - Cross-cultural Nursing Database

Language

Spanish (Castilian) (Basque, Catalan, and Galician are used in some regions).
(in Japanese history)Ministry of Foreign Affairs HP Spain)

nation

The majority of the population is Spanish, with a core Latino population. On the other hand, regional consciousness prior to unification is strong, and residents of Catalonia and the Basque Country in particular tend to deny their identity as Spaniards, while residents of Galicia and the Canary Islands also have a strong, though not so strong, sense of regional ethnicity. Even among the inhabitants of the former Kingdom of Castile, who are generally considered "Spaniards," there is a big difference between the inhabitants of Aragon and Andalusia and the rest of Spain, due to the degree of penetration of Islamic culture and the existence of predecessor states. In recent years, the country has become one of the largest immigration centers in the world, which has become a major social issue in the current recession. The foreign population is as large as 5.22 million, or 111 TP3T of the total population. (In 2000, the foreign population was 920,000.)
(Wikipedia Spain)

religion

Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution (about 75% of the population is said to be Catholic)
(in Japanese history)Ministry of Foreign Affairs HP Spain)

Food culture taboos, etc.

Spain is famous for eating at different times than Japan and eating five times a day.
(Wikipedia Spain)

Other customs and culture

Spain has adopted a district-by-district on-duty system, which means that some pharmacies are open even at night. Since there is a division of labor, people purchase medicines at pharmacies with prescriptions issued by their doctors. However, pharmacies sell not only medicines but also injectable solutions. You buy them and have them injected by a practicante who specializes in injections.
(Care The World Overseas Childbirth & Child-Raising Information Net, Worldwide Child-Raising)

Customs, habits, health, etc.

1. sanitary conditions

Tap water in Madrid is potable, but tap water in Barcelona is hard water, so it is better to use mineral water. In most parts of the Canary Islands, tap water contains salt and is not suitable for drinking.

2. medical conditions

1. medical situation
   Medical technology and facilities in Spain are on par with those in other Western European countries. General medical and surgical diseases, childbirth, etc. can be handled at facilities in Spain.
2. Emergency Medical System
   Government emergency centers are linked to police, fire, and emergency medical services, so call 112 for emergencies.

Traffic conditions

Due to the custom of giving priority to vehicles, it is important that pedestrians using public roads follow basic rules, such as not walking on the roadway and using crosswalks and pedestrian bridges. Vehicles must drive on the right side of the road, and seat belts must be worn, and violators will be punished. The main modes of transportation include buses, cabs, and subways, but traffic congestion is particularly heavy in the morning and evening, and during lunch hours, due in part to the high percentage of commuters who use private vehicles.
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Overseas Safety Web Site)

Customs related to pregnancy and childbirth

All maternity expenses are covered by insurance. In Spain, there is a system where you do not have to pay cash from the beginning.
(Care the World Overseas Childbirth & Child-Raising Information Network: Childbirth Around the World)

Customs related to childcare

In Spain, the protein source in weaning begins with beef. Wait until 8 months because fish may cause allergies.
(Care The World Overseas Childbirth & Child-Raising Information Net, Worldwide Child-Raising)

Customs related to end-of-life and funerals

• The family and business background of the deceased will dictate the funeral attire. (Sometimes a black suit is worn, sometimes jeans and a bright red shirt.)
• In Christianity, because of the belief in the resurrection of the body after death, we do not greet the body after the soul has passed on to heaven.
• More than 85% are buried in the ground. The mummified body is left behind as a container for the soul when it is resurrected.
• No re-mining is allowed within two years in the case of natural death, and within six years in the case of death from an infectious disease.
• The cremation rate is low because the majority of the population is Catholic, and there is only one cremation ground in the capital city of Madrid.
  (Funerals in the World: Shoto Hiromichi, Shincho-Sensho, 1991)

Medical taboos, etc.

For many years, abortion was considered illegal in Spain. However, since 1985, abortions have been performed. Even so, acceptance has not been very positive, and some people have even traveled all the way to the United Kingdom to have the procedure performed.
(Care The World Overseas Childbirth & Child-Raising Information Net, World Childbirth)

education

It is divided into pre-school education, general basic compulsory education, higher education, university and specialized education. General compulsory education lasts for 8 years from 6 to 14 years of age, and tuition is free of charge. Higher education lasts for three years from ages 14 to 17, and the percentage of students who go on to higher education is approximately 70%. The literacy rate is 961 TP3T for males, 901 TP3T for females, and almost 1001 TP3T for young people.
("Public Health Systems of the World," 1999, Japan Public Health Association)

National Health and Medical

• The central government, the Ministry of Health, determines national health policy guidelines and implements several health policies, but the National Health Agency has management responsibility for almost all public health care institutions.
• Other national agencies, the National Social Insurance Agency and the National Social Service Agency, administer social insurance and social services.
• The regional healthcare system is based on healthcare zones and basic healthcare zones.
• One medical zone covers a population of 200,000-250,000 and services are divided into primary and specialized medical care.
• The basic health care zone is the smallest unit of health care organization and is determined according to population variation, epidemiological characteristics, and availability of facilities.
• There are 126 health care zones and approximately 2,400 basic medical zones.
• All primary care health centers and clinics are public, and about 401 TP3T secondary care hospitals are public.
• 98.51 TP3T of the population has health insurance. (1995)

("Public Health Systems of the World," 1999, Japan Public Health Association)

cause of death

Population vs. 100,000 (2004)

• Tuberculosis (0.8)
• HIV (3.6)
• Malignant neoplasms (227.5)
• Cardiovascular disease (290.1)
• Respiratory disease (91.7)
• Gastrointestinal disorders (45.3)
• Traffic accidents (12.4)
• Unforeseen accidents (16.3)
• Suicide (8.2)

(in Japanese history)World Health Statistics)

Childbirth

• Perinatal deaths Births 1000 vs. 6.5 (1994)
• Maternal deaths 3-5 (per 100,000 live births) (1990s)

("Public Health Systems of the World," 1999, Japan Public Health Association)

immunization

DTP1: 99
DTP3: 97
Hepatitis B: 97
Hib: 97
Measles: 95
Polio: 97
(2011) (WHO)

medical facilities

Hospitals (794)
Surgery (220)
Pediatric (11)
Obstetrics (42)
326 public hospitals, 322 private for-profit hospitals, 135 non-profit (1995)
Primary medical zones are served by health centers and clinics, with one of them located in the basic zone. There are 1707 health centers, 3128 rural clinics, and 206 urban clinics attached to health centers.
("Public Health Systems of the World," 1999, Japan Public Health Association)

Medical Occupations

• Physicians 3.3 (vs. 1000)
• Nurse-midwives 7.6 (same)
  (in Japanese history)World Health Statistics)
• Number of dentists 144900 (about 3.7 vs. 1000 population) (1996)
• Number of pharmacists 41387 (about 1.0 vs. 1000 population) (1995)
  ("Public Health Systems of the World," 1999, Japan Public Health Association)

total fertility rate

1.5 (2010) (WHO)

Infant mortality rate (thousands of births vs.)

4 (2010) (WHO)

life expectancy

Male: 79 (2009) (WHO)
Female: 85 (2009) (WHO)